Absolute Value
The non-negative value of a number without regard to its sign.
Acute angle
An angle whose measure is strictly between 0° and 90°.
Angle
A figure formed by two lines or line segments, measured in degrees.
Angle Bisector
A line or ray that divides an angle into two equal parts.
Arbitrary Values
Values chosen for substitution by judgment and not following a specific pattern or rule.
Arithmetic Sequence
A sequence of numbers in which the difference between any two consecutive terms is constant. This difference is called the common difference.
Bounded
A set is called bounded if all of its points are within a certain (finite) distance of each other.
Circumference
The distance around the boundary of a circle.
Coefficient
A number used to multiply a variable, indicated in front of the variable.
Commutative
An operation in which changing the order of the operands does not change the result (e.g., a + b = b + a).
Composite Figure
A shape or figure made up of smaller, simpler shapes.
Composite Function
A function that is formed when one function is applied to the result of another function.
Contradiction
A type of proof that establishes the truth of a statement by assuming the opposite and showing an impossibility.
Decimal Representation
The expression of a number in base-10 numeral system.
Diameter
The length of a straight line segment that extends through the center of a circle and ends at the circumference.
Domain
The set of x-values that are inputs to a function.
Equilateral
A triangle with three equal sides.
Exact Form
A representation of a number that uses radicals, fractions, or constants like pi, without approximating or rounding.
Expansion
The process of multiplying to remove brackets from an expression.
Exponent
A power to which a number is raised.
Factorial
n! is the product of all integers between 1 and n.
Factorise
To express a mathematical expression as a product of its factors.
Fraction
A number that represents a part of a whole, expressed as a quotient.
Greatest Common Factor of two or more numbers
The largest number that divides two or more integer numbers exactly.
Incircle
A circle inscribed within a triangle, tangent to all its sides.
Integers
All whole numbers, both positive and negative.
Interior Angle
An angle inside a polygon.
Irrational Number
A number that cannot be expressed as a fraction of two integers.
Isosceles
A triangle with two equal sides called legs. The side that is not equal is called the base.
Least Common Multiple of two or more numbers
The smallest positive integer that is divisible by all the numbers in question.
Line Segment
A part of a line with two endpoints.
Linear Equations
Equations that form a straight line when graphed, where the highest power is 1.
Logarithm
The exponent by which a base number must be raised to get a given number. For example, log₂(8) = 3 because 2³ = 8.
Magnitude
The size or length of a vector.
Maximum
The highest value in a dataset.
Median (in geometry)
A line segment joining a vertex of a triangle to the midpoint of the opposite side.
Midpoint
The point that divides a line segment into two equal parts.
Minimum
The lowest value in a dataset.
Mode
The most frequently occurring number in a dataset.
Obtuse
An angle measuring between 90° and 180°.
Origin
The point (0,0) where the x and y axes intersect.
Outlier
A data point that significantly differs from other values in a dataset.
Parameters
Constants or variables in a function that define its specific form but not its general nature.
Perimeter
The sum of all sides of a polygon.
Polygon
A closed figure with three or more straight sides.
Power
A number raised to an exponent.
Proof by Induction
A proof method in which each step is justified based on a base case and an induction step.
Quadratic Expressions
Expressions where the highest power is 2.
Quadrilateral
A polygon with four sides and four angles.
Quotient
The result of division.
Range
The difference between the highest and lowest values in a dataset.
Ratio
A relationship between two numbers indicating how many times the first number contains the second.
Regular polygon
A polygon with all sides and angles equal.
Right Angle
An angle of 90°.
Roots of a Polynomial
Values of the variable that satisfy the equation when the polynomial is set to zero.
Scale Factor
The number by which an object is enlarged or reduced.
Scalene
A triangle in which all three sides (and all three angles) are different in length and measure.
Sequence
An ordered list of numbers following a particular pattern.
Slope
A measure of the steepness of a line, usually expressed as the ratio of the vertical change to the horizontal change (rise over run).
Substitution
Replacing a value for a variable.
Subtended
An angle or arc is said to be subtended when it is formed or defined by lines or segments drawn from its endpoints to a point.
Superimpose
To place one object on top of another.
Surd
A number in root or radical form.
System of Inequalities
A set of two or more inequalities with the same variables.
Tangent
A line that touches a circle at exactly one point.
Variable
A quantity that can change in value.
Vertex
The point where two or more edges meet in a polygon.
X-Intercept
The point where a line crosses the x-axis.
Y-Intercept
The point where a line crosses the y-axis.